中国陆域生物多样性综合评估指标体系构建

陆域生物多样性综合评估是保护生物多样性的重要基础工作,评估生物多样性现状和变化趋势、分析其损失的影响因素,是制定生物多样性保护政策与措施的前提和必要条件。目前,我国在陆域生物多样性综合评估方面尚未形成统一的评估指标体系。本研究围绕《生物多样性公约》爱知生物多样性目标、联合国可持续发展目标,借鉴国际上生物多样性评估新趋势,基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)概念框架,构建了我国陆域生物多样性综合评估指标体系,确定了22项评估指标,其中状态指标8项,压力指标7项,响应指标7项,并对指标相关性和可获得性进行分析。指标体系不仅可以对陆域生物多样性基本状况、受威胁程度、保护成效进行单独定量评价,还可以用于陆域生物多样性综合定量评估,以优化调整生物多样性优先保护区和保护措施。本研究可以为管理部门核算绿色国内生产总值(GDP)、制定区域生态补偿政策等提供技术支撑。     

水氮耦合对辣木生长特性的影响

辣木(Moringa oleifera)具有重要的经济价值。土壤水分及氮素有效性对辣木生长具有显著影响。以辣木‘PKM I’品种为研究材料,于华南农业大学资源环境学院生态学教学实验基地温室内进行盆栽试验,试验设置3个水分:分别为田间饱和持水量的40%(W1)、60%(W2)、80%(W3),以及4个氮水平:0 g·株^-1(N0)、0.6 g·株^-1(N1)、1.8g·株^-1(N2)、3.6 g·株^-1(N3),两者组合成12种处理,以探究水氮耦合作用对辣木生长、生物量累积及分枝格局的影响。结果表明:(1)在低氮(N1)水平下,辣木苗高和地径生长总体优于其他处理,高氮和高水会抑制辣木生长。(2)在辣木分枝格局方面,低水条件下,各级枝长、总体分枝率、逐步分枝率都随着氮水平增加而下降;含水量较大时,中等氮水平比较适宜辣木的快速生长。(3)高氮降低辣木各器官的生物量;在不施氮条件下,辣木生物量随水量增加而减少。(4)在综合形态方面,W1N3处理显著增加辣木根冠比(root/shoot ratio,R/S)。纤弱指数(slenderness index,SI)在W2N2最低,说明其生长质量最好。体积指数(bulk index,BI)在中等氮水平均高于其他处理,其中W2N1处理值最高,而Dickson质量指数(Dickson quality index,DQI)则在W2N2处理下最大。研究结果表明,适宜的水氮组合可以有效促进辣木的生长及生物量的累积。     

6种杂交榛对新疆盐碱土的生理适应性研究

设置低、中、高3个盐碱梯度,研究6个平欧杂交榛品种(‘新榛1号’~‘新榛4号’、‘辽榛3号’、‘辽榛8号’,代码XZ1~XZ4、LZ3、LZ8)幼树的生理生化指标对新疆土壤盐碱胁迫的响应特征,并采用主成分分析和隶属函数法对其耐盐碱性进行综合评价。结果显示:(1)随着土壤盐碱从低度提高至高度,参试品种的电解质外渗率和丙二醛累积量均增加,且以品种XZ1和XZ3的叶片电解质外渗率增幅最大(HD-LD>100%),LZ8增幅最小(HD-LD≌4%);叶片中丙二醛增幅最大的品种为XZ4(HD-LD=23.94%),XZ2最小(HD-LD=7.06%)。(2)随着土壤盐碱度的提高,各品种叶绿素含量逐渐降低,且以品种XZ3的降幅最大(LD-HD=32.55%);脯氨酸含量均呈先升高后降低的变化规律;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量以及抗氧化保护酶SOD和POD活性的变化趋势在品种间随盐碱度的加重差异较大。(3)品种LZ3和XZ1因在胁迫下具有较强的渗透调节能力和抗氧化保护酶活性,对盐碱土壤表现出较强的适应性;综合评价结果显示:各品种对盐碱土的适应能力从强至弱依次为LZ3>XZ1>LZ8>XZ4>XZ3>XZ2。     

基于住院病案首页数据的医院综合评估框架构建

研究基于住院病案首页信息,以原卫生部重点监测病种和手术作为切入点,从医院的医疗能力、医疗质量和运行效率的三个角度,设计了医院综合评估指标体系框架。根据综合评估框架,进一步计算了各类评估指标和相应权重分数,用于统计模型的多层综合加权。创建的方法能够客观、合理地综合评估医院的总体情况,以及比较不同医院的医疗质量。     

Switching addictions between HER2 and FGFR2 in HER2-positive breast tumor cells: FGFR2 as a potential target for salvage after lapatinib failure

Agents that target HER2 have improved the prognosis of patients with HER2-amplified breast cancers. However, patients who initially respond to such targeted therapy eventually develop resistance to the treatment. We have established a line of lapatinib-resistant breast cancer cells (UACC812/LR) by chronic exposure of HER2-amplified and lapatinib-sensitive UACC812 cells to the drug. The mechanism by which UACC812/LR acquired resistance to lapatinib was explored using comprehensive gene hybridization. The FGFR2 gene in UACC812/LR was highly amplified, accompanied by overexpression of FGFR2 and reduced expression of HER2, and a cell proliferation assay showed that the IC₅₀ of PD173074, a small-molecule inhibitor of FGFR tyrosine kinase, was 10,000 times lower in UACC812/LR than in the parent cells. PD173074 decreased the phosphorylation of FGFR2 and substantially induced apoptosis in UACC812/LR, but not in the parent cells. FGFR2 appeared to be a pivotal molecule for the survival of UACC812/LR as they became independent of the HER2 pathway, suggesting that a switch of addiction from the HER2 to the FGFR2 pathway enabled cancer cells to become resistant to HER2-targeted therapy. The present study is the first to implicate FGFR in the development of resistance to lapatinib in cancer, and suggests that FGFR-targeted therapy might become a promising salvage strategy after lapatinib failure in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.     

Algal chemodiversity and bioactivity: sources of natural variability and implications for commercial application

There has been significant recent interest in the commercial utilisation of algae based on their valuable chemical constituents many of which exhibit multiple bioactivities with applications in the food, cosmetic, agri- and horticultural sectors and in human health. Compounds of particular commercial interest include pigments, lipids and fatty acids, proteins, polysaccharides and phenolics which all display considerable diversity between and within taxa. The chemical composition of natural algal populations is further influenced by spatial and temporal changes in environmental parameters including light, temperature, nutrients and salinity, as well as biotic interactions. As reported bioactivities are closely linked to specific compounds it is important to understand, and be able to quantify, existing chemical diversity and variability. This review outlines the taxonomic, ecological and chemical diversity between, and within, different algal groups and the implications for commercial utilisation of algae from natural populations. The biochemical diversity and complexity of commercially important types of compounds and their environmental and developmental control are addressed. Such knowledge is likely to help achieve higher and more consistent levels of bioactivity in natural samples and may allow selective harvesting according to algal species and local environmental conditions for different groups of compounds.     

冀中北小麦品种抗旱性筛选研究

干旱是华北地区小麦生产的重要限制因素,从推广小麦品种中鉴定和筛选抗旱品种,对稳定小麦产量、降低区域水分消耗具有重要意义。本研究以近年来在河北省中北部审定、推广的13个小麦品种为材料,设置冬后浇2水(D2处理)、浇1水(D1处理)和不浇水(D0处理)3种处理方式,进行了大田条件下的抗旱品种筛选试验。结果表明,在D0处理时,各供试品种的株高、千粒重、穗粒数、亩穗数等农艺性状以及叶绿素含量、叶片离体失水速率等生理性状均显著下降,籽粒产量也极显著下降。在D1处理时,各小麦品种的农艺、生理和产量性状也发生不同程度下降。当分别以抗旱指数、加权抗旱指数和抗旱性综合度量值等指标度量品种抗旱性时,品种之间的抗旱性排序虽有差异,但仍能看出中麦1062、河农825等品种抗旱性较好。以节水指数对品种进行节水性评价时,发现河农130等3个品种节水性较好。在所测定的农艺、生理性状中,叶绿素含量、小穗数、株高、叶片离体失水速率、旗叶长和穗粒数等与抗旱性存在较高程度的相关性,本研究初步认为叶绿素含量、小穗数可作为抗旱性评价指标。     

不同松树种间杂交类型的可育性分析

探究不同松树种间杂交可育性,为松树种间杂交育种亲本选配提供依据,进而为松树的杂种优势研究积累材料。该研究利用随机区组设计,通过92个松树种间杂交组合与20个半同胞对照,分析9种松树种间杂交类型子代的平均球果产种数、平均球果产种量、百粒重、发芽率与成苗率5项育性指标,综合球果期、种期与苗期3个阶段的表现,利用模糊数学隶属函数法对不同松树种间杂交类型进行可育性综合评价。结果表明:加勒比松×湿地松(C×E)、湿地松×加勒比松(E×C)与湿地松×火炬松(E×T) 3种杂交类型育性表现优于或接近相应的半同胞对照,马尾松×湿地松(M×E)、马尾松×火炬松(M×T)、马尾松×加勒比松(M×C)、火炬松×加勒比松(T×C)、火炬松×马尾松(T×M)与火炬松×湿地松(T×E)杂交类型育性表现远低于半同胞对照,表现出低育性甚至不育。综合5项育性指标,亚组内杂交育性的整体表现明显优于亚组间杂交;湿地松与加勒比松为母本的3种杂交组合育性表现总体水平明显优于马尾松与火炬松为母本的另外6种杂交组合。9种杂交类型中除了火炬松×湿地松(T×E)外,均获得了具有生活力的杂交子代,尤其马尾松与3种国外松的杂交子代在相关研究中是首次获得,对松树种间杂交育种的研究具有重要意义。     

油脂植物油茶的开发利用

简要论述了油脂植物油茶的地理分布与生态习性以及油茶提取物的化学成分及综合利用前景。     

不同居群无患子果实组成比较研究

无患子是一种广泛分布于我国南方的乔木,本文针对不同居群无患子全果的物理组成、种仁油脂及氨基酸组成等方面进行比较研究.福建无患子种仁含油率最高,达到42.8％;四川无患子种子含油率最高,达到13.7％.无患子油脂的脂肪酸碳链长度为C16～C24,其中C16～C20的脂肪酸均占92％以上,不饱和脂肪酸79％～85％.种仁氨...